Overview

Wireshark is the dominant packet analyzer. It decodes 3000+ protocols and is the reference for anything from "why is this API slow?" to "extract the exfiltrated ZIP from this PCAP." tshark is the CLI companion — use it in scripts, over SSH, or when the capture is too large for the GUI. Capture filters (BPF) trim traffic at capture time; display filters refine what you see afterward. The current stable series is 4.6 (4.6.9); distributions still ship 4.4, and every command here works on both.

Instructions

Install and Allow Capture Without Root

bash

sudo apt install tshark            # Debian/Ubuntu: CLI only; `wireshark` adds the GUI
brew install wireshark             # macOS: CLI tools; GUI: brew install --cask wireshark-app
winget install WiresharkFoundation.Wireshark   # Windows; live capture also needs Npcap (npcap.com),
                                               # which the silent install skips

# Debian/Ubuntu: let members of the `wireshark` group capture, then join it
sudo dpkg-reconfigure wireshark-common      # answer "Yes"
sudo usermod -a -G wireshark "$USER"        # log out and in again

Reading a capture file (-r) needs no privileges at all. Only the small dumpcap helper needs capture rights; running tshark or Wireshark itself as root is discouraged because all protocol dissectors then run as root. On macOS with the Homebrew formula, brew install --cask wireshark-chmodbpf grants the same access after a reboot (the wireshark-app cask already includes it, and the two casks conflict).

Step 1: Capture Traffic

bash

# List interfaces
tshark -D
# 1. eth0
# 2. any
# 3. lo (Loopback)

# Capture to a rolling ring buffer (never fill the disk)
tshark -i eth0 -b filesize:100000 -b files:10 -w capture.pcapng
# filesize in kB; keeps the last 10 × 100MB files, named capture_00001_20260411120117.pcapng ...

# Capture only relevant traffic using a BPF capture filter
tshark -i eth0 -f "host 10.0.0.5 and port 443" -w target.pcapng

# Stop after a packet count or after a number of seconds
tshark -i eth0 -c 1000 -w sample.pcapng
tshark -i eth0 -a duration:60 -w one-minute.pcapng

# On a server over SSH, pipe into local Wireshark
ssh deploy@web-01.internal "sudo tcpdump -U -s0 -w - 'not port 22'" | wireshark -k -i -

For unattended captures use dumpcap with the same -i, -f, -b, -a and -w options: it only writes packets and does not dissect them, so it uses little memory.

Step 2: Filter in the GUI or CLI

bash

# Display filters (different syntax from capture filters!)
# Capture filter: "tcp port 80"
# Display filter: "tcp.port == 80"

# Read a PCAP and apply a display filter
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "http.request.method == POST"
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "ip.src == 10.0.0.5 and tcp.flags.syn == 1"
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "dns.qry.name contains \"ledgerline.dev\""
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "tls.handshake.type == 1"  # Client Hello

# Common display filter cheatsheet
# http.request.uri contains "login"
# tcp.analysis.retransmission
# frame.time >= "2026-04-11 12:00:00"
# !(arp or icmp or dns)

Step 3: Extract Useful Fields

bash

# Pull specific fields as CSV for grep/awk pipelines, pandas or ClickHouse
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "http.request" -T fields \
  -e frame.time_epoch -e ip.src -e ip.dst -e tcp.dstport -e http.host -e http.request.uri \
  -E header=y -E separator=, -E quote=d
# "1100903354.172938000","10.1.1.101","10.1.1.1","80","10.1.1.1","/"
# (frame.time prints "Nov 19, 2004 ..." with a comma inside; use frame.time_epoch for CSV)

# Top talkers
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q -z conv,ip | head -20
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q -z endpoints,ip

# HTTP: packet counts by method and status, then every requested host and URI
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q -z http,tree
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q -z http_req,tree

# TLS server names (SNI) — reveals what hosts a client visited
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "tls.handshake.type == 1" \
  -T fields -e tls.handshake.extensions_server_name | sort -u

Step 4: Extract Files and Credentials (from PCAPs you own)

bash

# Export HTTP objects (images, scripts, downloads)
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q --export-objects http,./http-objects/   # -q: do not also print every packet
ls http-objects/

# Extract FTP-DATA transfers
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q --export-objects ftp-data,./ftp-files/

# Extract SMB file transfers (other types: tftp, imf, dicom — see --export-objects help)
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q --export-objects smb,./smb-files/

# Reconstruct a TCP stream (e.g., unencrypted protocol dump)
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q -z follow,tcp,ascii,0
# 0 is the stream index — list the indexes of interesting packets with
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "ftp-data" -T fields -e tcp.stream | sort -un

Step 5: Decrypt TLS (with keys you legitimately control)

bash

# Client-side: set SSLKEYLOGFILE before launching the browser
export SSLKEYLOGFILE="$HOME/tls-keys.log"
firefox &
# All session keys are appended as the browser negotiates TLS

# In Wireshark: Edit → Preferences → Protocols → TLS → "(Pre)-Master-Secret log filename"
# Or via CLI (write $HOME, not ~ — the shell does not expand ~ after the colon):
tshark -r traffic.pcapng -o "tls.keylog_file:$HOME/tls-keys.log" \
  -Y "http.request" -T fields -e http.host -e http.request.uri

# Embed the keys in the capture so it decrypts anywhere without the preference
editcap --inject-secrets tls,"$HOME/tls-keys.log" traffic.pcapng traffic-with-keys.pcapng

A capture with embedded keys exposes the plaintext to anyone who gets the file — share it accordingly.

Examples

Example 1: Diagnose a Slow API Call

User: "Requests from this box to api.ledgerline.dev take seconds from time to time. Is it the network?"

bash

# Capture the client's traffic to the API host for one minute
tshark -i eth0 -f "host api.ledgerline.dev and port 443" -w slow-api.pcapng -a duration:60

# Retransmissions per second, and the packets themselves
tshark -r slow-api.pcapng -q -z io,stat,1,"tcp.analysis.retransmission"
tshark -r slow-api.pcapng -Y "tcp.analysis.retransmission or tcp.analysis.duplicate_ack" \
  -T fields -e frame.time -e ip.src -e ip.dst -e tcp.seq

# Round-trip time: average and worst ACK delay per 5-second interval
tshark -r slow-api.pcapng -q \
  -z io,stat,5,"AVG(tcp.analysis.ack_rtt)tcp.analysis.ack_rtt","MAX(tcp.analysis.ack_rtt)tcp.analysis.ack_rtt"

| Col 1: AVG(tcp.analysis.ack_rtt)tcp.analysis.ack_rtt |
|     2: MAX(tcp.analysis.ack_rtt)tcp.analysis.ack_rtt |
|------------------------------------------------------|
|          |1         |2         |                     |
| Interval |    AVG   |    MAX   |                     |
|--------------------------------|                     |
|  0 <>  5 | 0.173799 | 1.010145 |                     |
|  5 <> 10 | 0.000373 | 0.001779 |                     |

An interval with a one-second maximum next to sub-millisecond ones, plus retransmissions in the same seconds, points at packet loss on the path. Flat RTT with slow responses means the time is spent in the server: -Y "tcp.analysis.ack_rtt > 0.1" -T fields -e tcp.stream -e ip.src -e tcp.analysis.ack_rtt shows which side answers late.

Example 2: CTF — Extract a File from a PCAP Challenge

User: "I got challenge.pcap from a CTF. There should be a file hidden in it."

bash

# Quick triage
tshark -r challenge.pcap -q -z io,phs    # protocol hierarchy
tshark -r challenge.pcap -q -z conv,tcp  # conversations

# Something interesting on FTP
tshark -r challenge.pcap -Y "ftp.request.command == \"RETR\"" \
  -T fields -e ftp.request.arg
# backup.zip

# Pull the transferred file
tshark -r challenge.pcap -q --export-objects ftp-data,./ftp/
file ./ftp/*
# ./ftp/backup.zip: Zip archive data, made by v3.0 UNIX, extract using at least v1.0

The hierarchy shows ftp and ftp-data frames under tcp, the RETR filter names the file, and the export writes it under its original name. If the directory stays empty (tshark could not tie the data connection to a RETR), carve the data stream by hand (1 is the tcp.stream number of the ftp-data packets; the grep drops the header lines, which would otherwise corrupt the output): tshark -r challenge.pcap -q -z follow,tcp,raw,1 | grep -E '^[[:space:]]*[0-9a-f]+$' | xxd -r -p > backup.zip.

Guidelines

Capture only what you are authorized to see. On shared networks, traffic from other users is off-limits unless your ROE says otherwise.
Capture filters are BPF syntax (tcp port 443). Display filters are Wireshark's own (tcp.port == 443). Mixing them up is the #1 beginner mistake.
Do not capture with sudo tshark: besides the security risk, dumpcap then drops every privilege except packet capture, so -w capture.pcapng in a directory root does not own fails with "could not be opened: Permission denied". Use the wireshark group, or as a last resort write to a root-owned directory.
For long captures, always use ring buffers (-b filesize:N -b files:N) so you never fill the disk.
.pcapng is preferred over .pcap — it stores interface metadata, comments, and per-packet annotations.
Big captures belong in tshark or editcap; the GUI becomes slow on multi-gigabyte files. Use editcap -c 100000 big.pcapng part.pcapng to split.
TLS decryption needs a key log file from the client process; you cannot decrypt arbitrary TLS sessions without one.
Captures contain credentials, cookies and personal data in the clear. Store and share them as sensitive files, and cut them down with a display filter first: tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "ip.addr == 10.0.0.5" -w subset.pcapng.
Companion tools: dumpcap (capture only), tcpdump (lighter capture), mergecap (combine PCAPs), editcap (slice), capinfos (summary).

Wireshark

Validation

Prove Wireshark on your task

Getting Started

Example Prompts

Documentation

Overview

Instructions

Install and Allow Capture Without Root

Step 1: Capture Traffic

Step 2: Filter in the GUI or CLI

Step 3: Extract Useful Fields

Step 4: Extract Files and Credentials (from PCAPs you own)

Step 5: Decrypt TLS (with keys you legitimately control)

Examples

Example 1: Diagnose a Slow API Call

Example 2: CTF — Extract a File from a PCAP Challenge

Guidelines

Information

Use Cases

Related Skills